Ml\u00e1d\u00ed a za\u010d\u00e1tek mo\u0159eplaveck\u00e9 kari\u00e9ry <\/strong> <\/p>\n James Cook se narodil 7. listopadu 1728 v Marton pobl\u00ed\u017e Middlesbrough ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii. Poch\u00e1zel z chud\u0161\u00ed rodiny a od d\u011btstv\u00ed pracoval jako past\u00fd\u0159 na pol\u00edch sv\u00fdch rodi\u010d\u016f. Po smrti sv\u00e9ho otce byl James posl\u00e1n do kosteln\u00ed \u0161koly, kde pozd\u011bji z\u00edskal m\u00edsta pomocn\u00e9ho plav\u010d\u00edka v lod\u011bnici King’s Lynn. <\/p>\n
V roce 1755 Cook nastoupil jako mlad\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk u Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie (RN) a rychle se propracoval ke kapit\u00e1novi lodi. Prvn\u00ed velitelem, kter\u00fd si jej obl\u00edbil, byl zku\u0161en\u00fd kapit\u00e1n William Dampier, kter\u00fd vedl Cooka do Ji\u017en\u00edho mo\u0159e a odhalil mu fascinaci mo\u0159eplavbou. <\/p>\n
Cookovy prvn\u00ed cesty <\/strong> <\/p>\n Mezi lety 1768-1771 provedl James Cook svou prvn\u00ed velkou cestu na Novou Guineu a pobl\u00ed\u017e souostrov\u00ed v severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Austr\u00e1lie. Prvn\u00ed c\u00edlem bylo nalezen\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed hv\u011bzd\u00e1rny, kter\u00e1 by mohla b\u00fdt pou\u017eita pro navigaci. Cesta byla \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1, objevili i dal\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 oblasti, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji staly sou\u010d\u00e1stmi dnes zn\u00e1m\u00fdch zem\u00ed. <\/p>\n
V roce 1772 Cook provedl druhou velkou cestu kolem sv\u011bta a objevil Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land. Prvn\u00ed Evropan, kter\u00fd uvid\u011bl souostrov\u00ed, byl Cook 6. \u0159\u00edjna 1769 na sv\u00e9 cest\u011b k Nov\u00e9 Guineji. D\u00edky mapov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho objev\u016f mohl b\u00fdt identifikov\u00e1n jako samostatn\u00fd geografick\u00fd celek. <\/p>\n
Cookovy druh\u00e9 a t\u0159et\u00ed cesty <\/strong> <\/p>\n Mezi lety 1773-74 provedl James Cook svou druhou velkou cestu kolem sv\u011bta, kdy znovu opustil Antarktidu v lodi “Endeavour” a cestoval do severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Pacifiku. Objevil tak\u00e9 Novou Z\u00e9landu z jin\u00e9ho \u00fahlu a za\u010dal mapovat novou jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed oblast. <\/p>\n
T\u0159et\u00ed velk\u00e1 Cookova cesta trvala od roku 1776 a\u017e po jeho smrt v roce 1779. C\u00edlem bylo op\u011bt nalezen\u00ed ji\u017en\u00edho magnetick\u00e9ho p\u00f3lu, ale kapit\u00e1n Cook tak\u00e9 objevil Antarkt\u00edd\u011b na severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu. <\/p>\n
Jamesovi Cookovy objevy a jejich v\u00fdznam <\/strong> <\/p>\n Po n\u00e1vratu ze sv\u00fdch cest vedl Cook k objeven\u00ed nov\u00fdch zem\u00ed a zlep\u0161en\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 znalosti. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z jeho objev\u016f je ur\u010dit\u011b objevov\u00e1n\u00ed a mapov\u00e1n\u00ed Antarktidy v letech 1772-75. D\u00edky t\u011bmto \u00fastup\u016fm se poda\u0159ilo stanovit nov\u00fd sm\u011br pro budouc\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 a obchodn\u00ed c\u00edle Evropy. <\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 objevy Cooka byly: <\/p>\n
\n- Objev Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu (1769) \u2013 d\u0159\u00edve byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za sou\u010d\u00e1st Nov\u00e9 Guiney. <\/li>\n
- Prvn\u00ed mapov\u00e1n\u00ed severn\u00ed strany Antarktidy (1773). <\/li>\n
- \u00dastup na jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Austr\u00e1lie. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Cookovy objevy byly tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed geografick\u00e9 revoluce 18. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00e1 vedla k lep\u0161\u00edmu porozum\u011bn\u00ed prostoru a jeho dopadu na lidskou spole\u010dnost. <\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br <\/strong> <\/p>\n James Cook je jeden z nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch mo\u0159eplavc\u016f v historii a v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 znalosti geografie a otev\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch cest. Jeho objevy i mapov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou st\u00e1le obl\u00edbenou t\u00e9matem pro v\u011bdce, u\u010dence a ve\u0159ejnost. <\/p>\n
Hlavn\u00edm faktorem Cookov\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f byla jeho ochota experimentovat se nov\u00fdmi naviga\u010dn\u00edmi technikami a trp\u011blivost p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 znalosti. Po cel\u00e9 jeho \u017eivotn\u00ed dr\u00e1ze pracoval na zdokonalen\u00ed mapov\u00e1n\u00ed Zem\u011b a odkr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch objev\u016f. <\/p>\n
Literatura <\/strong> <\/p>\n\n- Povever, D., Cookova plavba kolem sv\u011bta (1968). <\/li>\n
- Beaglehole, J.C., Life of Captain James Cook (1974). <\/li>\n
- King, R.P., The journals of captain James cook on his voyages around the world in H.M.S. Endeavour and the Adventure\/Resolution (1991). <\/li>\n
- Inglis, K.J., An Economic History of Australia (1967). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Odkazy: <\/p>\n
\n- Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), “James Cook”, https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/stories\/2019\/11\/04\/james-cook\/ <\/li>\n
- National Museum New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa: https:\/\/collections.tepapa.govt.nz\/object?oid=145 <\/li>\n
- Histo\u0159icko-mo\u0159sk\u00e1 knihovna a archiv, “Captain James Cook”: http:\/\/www.londonmuseum.org.uk\/captain-james-cook\/ <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
B\u00fdval\u00fd britsk\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec James Cook a jeho objevy: historick\u00fd p\u0159ehled \u00davod James Cook, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako “kapit\u00e1n Cook”, byl britsk\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec a kartograf, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1170009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1170009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1170009"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1170009\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1170009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1170009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/hella.eu.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1170009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}